I've been a big fan of Rhino.Mocks for many years, but the original Rhino.Mocks maintainer (Oren Eini aka Ayende) stated in 2013 that he is no longer maintaining the project and has handed the project over to a new maintainer (Mike Meisinger), but Mike has not been actively maintaining the project. It's effectively dead and very unlikely to support future versions of .NET, including .NET core.

A while back I wrote a Quick Guide to Using Rhino.Mocks and in last week's post, I gave an overview of Moq for Rhino.Mocks Users. While Moq seems to be the current front runner as a Rhino.Mocks replacement, there's another player in town with NSubstitute. So in the same vane as my Moq post, I'm providing a guide to help people make the transition (or at least help with a review) from Rhino.Mocks to NSubstitue.

The format of this post will follow that of the others to help with cross-referencing between them.

Overall, I'm not a big fan of NSubstitute's syntax, as it looks too similar to just calls to the methods themselves, which:

• makes it harder to understand, as the reader must know which calls are setting up stubs and which are real calls.
• makes it much more likely you'll accidentally do the wrong thing and call a real method.

Now, if you're only mocking interfaces, then this wouldn't be an issue -- but rarely do I find a codebase that allows everything to be an interface.

Generating Different Mock Types

By default, NSubstitue's .For<T> method generates something close to a Dynamic mock -- that is, if you don't explicitly provide a return value, it will return the default value for the data type of the return value if it's a value type (0 for numbers, false for bools, empty string for string), but for object types, it's a bit more complicated. From their documentation:

...any properties or methods that return an interface, delegate, or purely virtual class* will automatically return substitutes themselves.

A pure virtual class is defined as one with all its public methods and properties defined as virtual or abstract and with a default, parameterless constructor defined as public or protected.

So it won't return null in those cases. Instead, it creates a new mock of the return type. Otherwise, it will return null.

Be careful, thought -- if you are using a real class (not an interface), it will call the underlying methods if they aren't virtual.

That said, there is the concept of a partial mock using .ForPartsOf<T> -- that is, a mock that can use the underlying object's implementation. However, to prevent calling the real methods for the methods you do want to mock, you must use the syntax described in the Advanced Argument Constraints section below.

There isn't an option to create a Strict mock in NSubstitute, and it looks like there won't ever be one.

Passing Constructor Arguments

If you need to pass arguments to the constructor of the class you're trying to mock, there are overloads to allow you to do that.

Stubs vs Mocks (or not)

The syntax for NSubstitute is a little different than the others. In most cases, there's not an explicit method you call to create the mock/stub -- rather, you basically call the method you want to create a substitue for. Also, there's no distinction between a mock and a stub -- they're all just substitutions. But since they don't create _expectations_, I would classify them as stubs.

You use the .Returns() method to setup the stub. Note that you can provide multiple values to .Returns() which will set up a chain of calls, like this: .Returns(valueForFirstCall, valueForSecondCall, valueForThirdCall). This works for methods and properties.

For Methods:

For Properties:

Unlike Rhino.Mocks, however, if some other code sets the property value to something else, NSubstitute's stub will return the new value, not the value you stipulated in your stub. In other words, NSubstitue's properties will act like regular properties, and your stub just sets an initial value.

Verifying expectations

Since you're not creating expectations with NSubstitute, there are no mass validation options. Instead, you need to check each stub (which, being more explicit, is probably the better route anyway).

For Methods:

For Properties:

Note that for the getter, you must set a variable to the return value to prevent a compiler error.

The WithAnyArgs versions will ignore whatever parameters (for methods) or set values (for properties) you use in your check and will verify against any inputs.

Advanced Argument Constraints

Both frameworks provide ways to put advanced constraints on the arguments that trigger a mock. Below are examples -- you'll need to consult the framework documentation for the full list of available constraints.

Rhino.Mocks

 mock.Stub(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(
                         Arg<int>.Is.GreaterThanOrEqual(0),
                         Arg<decimal>.Is.NotEqual(2.0),
                         Arg<List<string>>.List.ContainsAll(new List<string> { "foo", "bar" }),
                         Arg<object>.Is.NotNull,
                         Arg<object>.Is.Anything))
                 .Return(recordFromDatabase);

NSubstitute

  substitute.GetRecordFromDatabase(
                         Arg.Is<int>(i => i >= 0),
                         Arg.Is<decimal>(d => d != 2.0m),
                         Arg.Do<int>(x => capturedValue = x ),
                         Arg.Any<object>()))
         .Returns(recordFromDatabase);

Or, to ignore the arguments altogether, use .ReturnsForAnyArgs(). This is similar to Rhino.Mocks' .IgnoreArguments() method.

Providing a Method Implementation / Using the Input Params

For Rhino.Mocks, in order to provide an alternate implementation, you use the .Do() method to provide a delegate. In NSubstitue, you provide a delegate to the .Returns() call.

Rhino.Mocks

  mock.Stub(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(0))
                .IgnoreArguments()
                .Repeat.Any()
                .Do((Func<int, ImportantData>)(input => new ImportantData
                {
                    Name = "Orignal Name",
                    RecordId = input
                }));

NSubstitute

           
            substitute.GetRecordFromDatabase(0)
                      .ReturnsForAnyArgs(input => new ImportantData
                       {
                           Name = "Orignal Name",
                           RecordId = input.ArgAt<int>(0)
                       });

Throwing an Exception Instead

If the return type of the method is not void, you just provide a delegate to .Returns() that throws an exception. However, if the return type is void, then you use a .When().Do() syntax instead:

Testing Non-Public Members

With Rhino.Mocks, you can’t mock private or internal members, but you can mock internal members if you add an InternalsVisibleTo attribute for the Castle dynamic proxy assembly. NSubstitute also uses the same proxy, so you'll still need to add the attribute. See the Moq Quickstart Guide for details on how to do this.

I've been a big fan of Rhino.Mocks for many years, but the original Rhino.Mocks maintainer (Oren Eini aka Ayende) stated in 2013 that he is no longer maintaining the project and has handed the project over to a new maintainer (Mike Meisinger), but Mike has not been actively maintaining the project. It's effectively dead and very unlikely to support future versions of .NET, including .NET core.

Moq (pronounced "Mock") has become the de facto replacement.

This post hopes to serve as a guide for people making the transition from Rhino.Mocks to Moq.

One big difference between Rhino.Mocks and Moq is what gets returned when you generate the mock and how you operate against it. With Rhino.Mocks, the MockRepository returns to you an instance of the type you're mocking and you apply the mock operators (.Stub(), .Expect(), .VerifyAllExpectations(), etc) directly to that mocked object. Moq, on the other hand, creates a wrapper object that contains a reference to the mocked type.

So in this example, I'm creating an mock of IFoo. For Rhino.Mocks, I get back an IFoo object, but Moq returns a Mock<IFoo> and to get the IFoo object, you access it with the .Object property.

When using Moq, if you have a reference to the mocked object, you can get back to the wrapper object with this helper method: Mock<IFoo> mockWrapper = Mock.Get(mockedObject);

Generating Different Mock Types

For those of you that read my Using Rhino.Mocks Quick Guide, you may recall there are three types of mocks that can be generated by Rhino.Mocks:

Strict Mock

A strict mock requires you to provide alternate implementations for each method/property that is used on the mock. If any methods/properties are used which you have not provided implementations for, an exception will be thrown.

Dynamic Mock

With a dynamic mock, any methods/properties which are called by your tests for which you have not provided an implementation will return the default value for the data type of the return value.  In other words, you'll get back a 0 for number types, false for Booleans and a null for any object types.

Partial Mock

A partial mock will use the underlying object's implementation if you don't provide an alternate implementation.  So if you're only wanting to replace some of the functionality (or properties), and keep the rest, you'll want to use this.  For example, if you only want to override the method IsDatabaseActive(), and leave the rest of the class as-is, you'll want to use a partial mock and only provide an alternate implementation for IsDatabaseActive().

Note that Moq uses the term "Loose Mock" for the Dynamic mock concept. Both frameworks default to Dynamic\Loose mocks.

Here's how you generate the same concepts in Moq:

I'm not a fan of this syntax, because it lets you mix methods in ways that don't make sense, like a strict mock that calls it's base methods: Mock<IFoo> mockWrapper = new Moq.Mock<IFoo>(MockBehavior.Strict) { CallBase = true };. It's not clear what will happen in this scenario if I call a method I haven't explicitly mocked, because using two different inputs (a constructor argument and a property) to represent competing concepts leads to confusion. That said, I can tell you what happens: The Strict setting takes precedent and a runtime exception is thrown:

Moq.MockException : Class1.GetFoo() invocation failed with mock behavior Strict. All invocations on the mock must have a corresponding setup.

Passing Constructor Arguments

If you need to pass arguments to the constructor of the class you're trying to mock, there are overloads to allow you to do that.

Stubs vs Mocks

Again, from my Using Rhino.Mocks Quick Guide, you may recall that:

A stub is simply an alternate implementation. A mock, however, is more than that. A mock sets up an expectation that

• A specific method will be called
• It will be called with the provided inputs
• It will return the provided results

In Rhino.Mocks, you used the .Stub() and .Expect() extension methods to generate your stubs and mocks directly off your mock object. Moq, on the other hand, uses the .Setup() method on the wrapper object to create both. By default, it will create a stub (no expectation), but if you add Verifiable(), it will generate the expectations (thus, becoming a mock).

For both frameworks, you can explicitly verify stubs, but if you want to do mass verification, you must create the expectations up front.

For Methods:

Properties are a different story. In Moq, in addition to Mocks that carry expectations, you can generate stubs for properties that basically allow the properties to be set and have them return the values when the getter is called. You can do this for individual properties (and optionally provide an initial value) or you can do it for all properties with a single call using .SetupAllProperties().

Rhino.Mocks, on the other hand, doesn't provide the ability to track property values, so to get that same functionality, you'd need to use a callback (.Do() or .Callback()) and track the value yourself.

For Properties:

Verifying expectations

The concepts here are pretty similar. You can verify individual call patterns, or (if you created a Mock and not a Stub) you can verify all of the expectations you created in a single pass.

For Methods:

For Properties

Mass Verification

Moq can do mass verification in two ways. If you have created a mock that sets up expectations using .Expect() in Rhino.Mocks or .Verifiable() in Moq, you can use Moq's .Verify() method to validate just those expectations. Moq also provides a .VerifyAll() method which will validate all of the mocks and stubs you've created with .Setup().

Controlling Mock Behaviors

Here are some of the general behavior modifications in Rhino.Mocks and their Moq equivalents:

Advanced Argument Constraints

Both frameworks provide ways to put advanced constraints on the arguments that trigger a mock. Below are examples -- you'll need to consult the framework documentation for the full list of available constraints.

Rhino.Mocks

 mock.Stub(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(
                         Arg<int>.Is.GreaterThanOrEqual(0),
                         Arg<decimal>.Is.NotEqual(2.0),
                         Arg<List<string>>.List.ContainsAll(new List<string> { "foo", "bar" }),
                         Arg<object>.Is.NotNull,
                         Arg<object>.Is.Anything))
                 .Return(recordFromDatabase);

Moq

 mockWrapper.Setup(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(
                         It.Is<int>(i => i >= 0),
                         It.Is<decimal>(d => d != 2.0m),
                         It.IsRegex("[a-d]+"),
                         It.IsNotNull<object>(),
                         It.IsAny<object>()))
         .Return(recordFromDatabase);

Providing a Method Implementation / Using the Input Params

For Rhino.Mocks, in order to provide an alternate implementation, you use the .Do() method to provide a delegate. In Moq, the .Returns() method has an overload that lets you provide a delegate.

Rhino.Mocks

  mock.Stub(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(0))
                .IgnoreArguments()
                .Repeat.Any()
                .Do((Func<int, ImportantData>)(input => new ImportantData
                {
                    Name = "Orignal Name",
                    RecordId = input
                }));

Moq

            mockWrapper.Setup(dao => dao.GetRecordFromDatabase(It.IsAny<int>()))   
                .Returns((Func<int, ImportantData>)(input => new ImportantData
               {
                   Name = "Orignal Name",
                   RecordId = input
               }));

Throwing an Exception Instead

This is pretty much a drop-in replacement when creating the mock/stub. Where Rhino.Mocks uses .Throw() for this purpose, Moq uses .Throws();

Testing Non-Public Members

With Rhino.Mocks, you can’t mock private or protected members, but you can mock internal members if you add an InternalsVisibleTo attribute for the Castle dynamic proxy assembly. Moq also uses the same proxy, so you'll still need to add the attribute, but Moq has the added benefit of being able to mock protected members. See the Moq Quickstart Guide for details on how to do this.